Effect of Post-Extraction Ultrasonication on Compositional Features and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic/Alkaline Extracts of Palmaria palmata.

Palmaria palmata is a viable source of nutrients with bioactive properties. The present study determined the potential role of post-extraction ultrasonication on some compositional features and antioxidant properties of enzymatic/alkaline extracts of P. palmata (EAEP). No significant difference was detected in terms of protein content and recovery, as well as the amino acid composition of the extracts. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5 was found to be too high for the seaweed and EAEP. The extracts sonicated by bath for 10 min and not sonicated showed the highest and lowest total phenolic contents (p < 0.05), respectively. The highest radical scavenging and lowest metal-chelating activities were observed for the non-sonicated sample, as evidenced by IC50 values. The extract sonicated by bath for 10 min showed the most favorable in vitro antioxidant properties since its radical scavenging was not significantly different from that of the not-sonicated sample (p > 0.05). In contrast, its metal-chelating activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05). To conclude, post-extraction ultrasonication by an ultrasonic bath for 10 min is recommended to increase phenolic content and improve the antioxidant properties of EAEP.

Design of three-component essential oil extract mixture from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus with enhanced antioxidant activity.

The development of novel antioxidant compounds with high efficacy and low toxicity is of utmost importance in the medicine and food industries. Moreover, with increasing concerns about the safety of synthetic components, scientists are beginning to search for natural sources of antioxidants, especially essential oils (EOs). The combination of EOs may produce a higher scavenging profile than a single oil due to better chemical diversity in the mixture. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of three EOs extracted from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus in individual and combined forms using the augmented-simplex design methodology. The in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging approaches. The results of the Chromatography Gas-Mass spectrometry (CG-MS) characterization showed that citral (29.62%) and niral (27.32%) are the main components for C. flexuosus, while D-carvone (62.09%) and D-limonene (29.58%) are the most dominant substances in C. carvi. By contrast, ß-asarone (69.11%) was identified as the principal component of A. calamus (30.2%). The individual EO exhibits variable scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals. These effects were enhanced through the mixture of the three EOs. The optimal antioxidant formulation consisted of 20% C. flexuosus, 53% C. carvi, and 27% A. calamus for DPPHIC50. Whereas 17% C. flexuosus, 43% C. carvi, and 40% A. calamus is the best combination leading to the highest scavenging activity against ABTS radical. These findings suggest a new research avenue for EOs combinations to be developed as novel natural formulations useful in food and biopharmaceutical products.

Antioxidant Potential of Several Polypores Mushrooms from the South of France.

We selected polypore mushrooms growing in the Mediterranean area of France to screen their antioxidant activity: Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum, Inonotus cuticularis, I. hispidus, Trametes hirsuta, and T. versicolor. Our work also evaluated antioxidant capacity from wild and cultivated G. lucidum fruiting bodies to optimize this biological property on human health. Dried fungal materials were sequentially extracted using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Folin-Ciocalteu assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity using DPPH and ORAC tests of the polypore extracts were assessed and compared. Among the 28 mushroom extracts tested, four exhibited significant antioxidant activity as ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis, T. hirsuta and wild and cultivated G. lucidum. The ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis and T. hirsuta revealed the highest values for the ORAC test, while the highest values for the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH tests were found for the ethanol extracts of cultivated G. lucidum and I. cuticularis. Further studies are needed to identify potential bioactive compounds, especially from I. cuticularis and G. lucidum grown under selected conditions and explore their benefits in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

LC-HRMS Profiling and Phenolic Content, Cholinesterase, and Antioxidant Activities of Terminalia citrina.

Terminalia citrina (T. citrina) belongs to the Combretaceae family and is included in the class of medicinal plants in tropical countries such as Bangladesh, Myanmar, and India. The antioxidant activities of lyophilized water (WTE) and alcohol extracts (ETE) of T. citrina fruits, their phenolic content by LC-HRMS, and their effects on cholinesterases (ChEs; AChE, acetylcholinesterase, and BChE, butyrylcholinesterase) were investigated. Especially ten different analytical methods were applied to determine the antioxidant capacity. Compared with similar studies for natural products in the literature, it was determined that both WTE and ETE exhibited strong antioxidant capacity. Syringe and ellagic acids were higher than other acids in ETE and WTE. IC50 values for ETE and WTE in DPPH radical and ABTS⋅+ scavenging activities were calculated as 1.69-1.68 µg mL-1 and 6.79-5.78 µg mL-1 , respectively. The results of the biological investigations showed that ETE and WTE had an inhibition effect against ChEs, with IC50 values of 94.87 and 130.90 mg mL-1 for AChE and 262.55 and 279.70 mg mL-1 for BChE, respectively. These findings indicate that with the prominence of herbal treatments, T. citrina plant may guide the literature in treating Alzheimer's Disease, preventing oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Dysosmaflavonoid A-F, new flavonols with potent DPPH radical scavenging activity from Dysosma versipellis.

Six new flavonols, including four glucosylated flavonols (dysosmaflavonoid A-D), one phenylpropanoid-substituted flavonol (dysosmaflavonoid E), and one phenyl-substituted flavonol (dysosmaflavonoid F), together with five known analogues, were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Dysosma versipellis. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of their NMR, IR, UV, HRESIMS, and HPLC data. The antioxidant activities of all isolated compounds were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Compounds 2, 3, 5-8, and 12 exhibited significant DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 values of 33.95, 39.02, 31.17, 32.79, 31.85, 30.48, and 23.75 µM, respectively, in comparison with Trolox (IC50, 15.80 µM). Compound 12 displayed more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity than prenylated and (or) glucosided derivatives (2-4, or 10). The preliminary structure-activity relationship showed that the catechol structure in flavonol is essential for DPPH radical scavenging effect.

Chemical Constituents from Mushroom Suillus luteus (Agaricomycetes) and Their Bioactivities.

Wild edible mushrooms are a huge source to discover bioactive natural products. In this work, one new polyprenylphenol derivative, termed 2-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzenediol 1-O-acetate (1), together with eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from wild edible mushroom Suillus luteus. The structure of new compound was elucidated by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance data. The structures of known compounds were elucidated by comparison of their nuclear magnetic resonance data with literature data. Compounds 1-7 exhibited significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.55 ± 0.29 to 19.89 ± 2.28 µM. In addition, compounds 1-7 also showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 21.97 ± 3.74 to 66.26 ± 6.85 µM.

Kinetics and stoichiometry of gallic acid and methyl gallate in scavenging DPPH radical as affected by the reaction solvent.

The activity and capacity of gallic acid (GA) and methyl gallate (MG) in scavenging DPPH· were determined in different solvents. Based on the bimolecular rate constants k2, both antioxidants showed highest activities in EtOH, followed by in MeOH, t-BuOH, MeCN, 2-PrOH, acetone, THF, ethyl acetate, and 1,4-dioxane. GA indicated better activities (k2 value, M-1 s-1) than MG in the alcoholic solvents (51-1939 vs. 25-1530) and in MeCN (203 vs. 187) whereas MG was of higher activities in the polar aprotic solvents (1.7-41 vs. 1.6-13). The highest stoichiometries for GA vs. MG were in 2-PrOH (6.67 vs. 5.37), followed by EtOH (5.84 vs. 4.57), MeOH (5.34 vs. 3.8) ~ acetone (5.02 vs. 4.44), MeCN (3.68 vs. 3.05) ~ t-BuOH (3.14 vs. 2.99), THF (2.34 vs. 2.2), ethyl acetate (1.2 vs. 0.93), and 1,4-dioxane (0.34 vs. 0.35).

Extraction, derivatization and antioxidant activities of onion polysaccharide.

The preparation of purified polysaccharides was described from fresh onions by hot water extraction, protein removal and dialysis treatment. The structure of onion polysaccharide was confirmed by 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HSQC and HMBC. In order to study the structure-activity relationship of onion polysaccharide, the derivatives of onion polysaccharide including acetylated onion polysaccharide and phosphoric onion polysaccharide were prepared. On this basis, the antioxidant activities of onion polysaccharide and its derivatives were tested in vitro. The results showed that onion polysaccharides and its derivatives had a good antioxidant activity, and the activity of phosphorylated polysaccharide was similar to that of Vc positive control.

Determination of Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ficus religiosa.

The use of F. religiosa might be beneficial in inflammatory illnesses and can be used for a variety of health conditions. In this article, we studied the identification of antioxidants using (DPPH) 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical scavenging activity in Ficus religiosa, as F. religiosa is an important herbal plant, and every part of it has various medicinal properties such as antibacterial properties that can be used by the researchers in the development and design of various new drugs. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a popular, quick, easy, and affordable approach for the measurement of antioxidant properties that includes the use of the free radicals used for assessing the potential of substances to serve as hydrogen providers or free-radical scavengers (FRS). The technique of DPPH testing is associated with the elimination of DPPH, which would be a stabilized free radical. The free-radical DPPH interacts with an odd electron to yield a strong absorbance at 517 nm, i.e., a purple hue. An FRS antioxidant, for example, reacts to DPPH to form DPPHH, which has a lower absorbance than DPPH because of the lower amount of hydrogen. It is radical in comparison to the DPPH-H form, because it causes decolorization, or a yellow hue, as the number of electrons absorbed increases. Decolorization affects the lowering capacity significantly. As soon as the DPPH solutions are combined with the hydrogen atom source, the lower state of diphenylpicrylhydrazine is formed, shedding its violet color. To explain the processes behind the DPPH tests, as well as their applicability to Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) in the manufacture of metal oxide nanoparticles, in particular MgO, and their influence on antioxidants, a specimen from the test was chosen for further study. According to our findings, F. religiosa has antioxidant qualities and may be useful in the treatment of disorders caused by free radicals.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Total Polyphenols of Anchusa italica Retz.

Anchusa italica Retz has been used for a long time in phytotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves and roots of Anchusa italica Retz. We first determined the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids using Folin-Ciocalteu reagents and aluminum chloride (AlCl3). The antioxidant activity was determined using three methods: reducing power (FRAP), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The antimicrobial activity was investigated against four strains of Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and one fungal strain of Candida albicans. The results showed that the root extract was rich in polyphenols (43.29 mg GAE/g extract), while the leave extract was rich in flavonoids (28.88 mg QE/g extract). The FRAP assay showed a strong iron reduction capacity for the root extract (IC50 of 0.11 µg/mL) in comparison to ascorbic acid (IC50 of 0.121 µg/mL). The DPPH test determined an IC50 of 0.11 µg/mL for the root extract and an IC50 of 0.14 µg/mL for the leaf extract. These values are low compared to those for ascorbic acid (IC50 of 0.16 µg/mL) and BHT (IC50 0.20 µg/mL). The TAC values of the leaf and root extracts were 0.51 and 0.98 mg AAE/g extract, respectively. In vitro, the extract showed inhibitory activity against all strains studied, with diameters of zones of inhibition in the range of 11.00-16.00 mm for the root extract and 11.67-14.33 mm for the leaf extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded for the leaf extract against E. coli (ATB:57), corresponding to 5 mg/mL. Overall, this research indicates that the extracts of Anchusa italica Retz roots and leaves exert significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, probably because of the high content of flavonoids and polyphenols.

Comparison of chemometric assisted targeted and untargeted approaches for the prediction of radical scavenging activity of ylang-ylang essential oils.

Essential oils have been used for centuries for their preservative properties. An example is ylang-ylang Cananga odorata [Lam.] Hook. f. & Thomson essential oil, which exists in four different distillation grades, where the fraction with the longest distillation time has the highest radical scavenging activity (RSA). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for determination of RSA. Herein the performance of such multivariate statistical analysis using three data sets derived from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, is compared to that achieved using two direct and fast spectroscopic techniques, for the prediction of RSA using partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. The three GC-MS data sets were, 'full chemical composition', 'total chromatogram average mass spectra (TCAMS)' and 'segment average mass spectra (SAMS)', whilst two spectroscopic techniques, namely attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, provided the spectroscopic data sets for comparison. PLS models created using ATR-FTIR and 'full chemical composition' data sets provided the lowest relative error of prediction (REP) and mean error of prediction (MEP) in validation, whilst in independent test sets, the PLS models created using ATR-FTIR and SAMS data sets delivered the lowest REP and MEP. The three GC-MS derived data sets were further compared for value in determination of compounds contributing to the RSA. PLS regression analysis of the full chemical composition data set revealed that germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene were the major contributors to the RSA, whilst average mass spectrum based data sets, TCAMS and SAMS, also highlighted eugenol as another contributor to the RSA.

Free radical scavenging activities of verbascoside and isoverbascoside from the leaves of Odontonema strictum (Acanthaceae).

The aqueous extract of the leaves of Odontonema strictum, a plant from tropical regions, is used by traditional physicians in Burkina Faso for its antihypertensive properties. Verbascoside and isoverbascoside, known phenylpropanoid glycosides with high solubility in water, have been isolated from the leaves. We evaluated their antioxidant properties in vitro by radical scavenging using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Verbascoside and isoverbascoside demonstrated high levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 0.09 ± 0.03 µg/mL and 0.16 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively, compared to 0.05 ± 0.0 µg/mL for ascorbic acid as a control. These two phenylpropanoid glycosides were also more potent (2.6 ± 0.36 µg/mL and 3.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL) in scavenging H2O2 than the ascorbic acid control (4.1 ± 0.97 µg/mL). This is the first time that the antioxidant properties of verbascoside and isoverbascoside from O. strictum have been evaluated. These results can explain the use of this plant for hypertension in folk medicine.

Three new dihydroflavonols with free radical scavenging activity from Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne.

Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne, a small shrub, is widely used as a Tibetan medicine in Chinese folk. In this study, three novel 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors named Rihimaside A, Rihimaside B, and Rihimaside C, as well as one known 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitor, dihydromyricetin, were isolated from the leaves and stems of Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne using online high performance liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl activity screening system combined with medium and high-pressure liquid chromatography. All four 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors are dihydroflavonols. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and IC50 values of three novel 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl methods. Rihimaside A, Rihimaside B, and Rihimaside C exhibited IC50 values of 9.58 µg/mL, 12.57 µg/mL and 387 µg/mL, respectively.

Pectic polysaccharides from Biluochun Tea: A comparative study in macromolecular characteristics, fine structures and radical scavenging activities in vitro.

In this study, two acidic Biluochun Tea polysaccharides (BTP-A11 and BTP-A12) were investigated comparatively, which mainly consisted of Rha, Ara, Gal and GalA, possibly suggesting their pectic nature. Structurally, their galacturonan backbones composed of →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ and →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→ were revealed similar, while Ara- and Gal-based branches attached to the O-2 of →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→ were in distinctive types, proportions, extensibilities and branching degrees. This could lead to their different macromolecular characteristics, where BTP-A11 with higher Mw presented a more hyper-branched chain conformation and relatively higher structural flexibility/compactness, thereby resulting in a lower exclusion effect and an insufficient hydrodynamic volume. Besides, better radical scavenging activities in vitro were also determined for Gal-enriched BTP-A11, where a larger surface area containing more H-donating groups were related to its higher Mw, more hyper-branched conformation, lower DM and higher DA. Therefore, the understanding of structure-property-activity relationships was improved to some degrees for acidic Biluochun Tea polysaccharides, which could be potentially required for more applications in food, medical and cosmetic fields.

Two New Isoprenoid Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities.

Sophora flavescens is a regularly used traditional Chinese medicine. In an attempt to discover adequate active agents, the isoprenoid flavonoids from S. flavescens were further investigated. In this work, two new compounds (1-2, kurarinol A-B) together with 26 known ones (3-28) were isolated and elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR, UV and MS analyses. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of all constituents was assessed through ABTS, PTIO and DPPH methodologies and also were evaluated for cytotoxic activity by three tumor cell lines (HepG2, A549 and MCF7) and one human normal cell line (LO2 cells). As a result, a multitude of components revealed significant inhibitory activity. In particular, compound 1-2 (kurarinol A-B), two new flavanonols derivatives, exhibited the most potent ABTS inhibitory activity with IC50 of 1.21 µg/mL and 1.81 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the new compound 1 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity against three cancer cells lines with IC50 values ranging from 7.50-10.55 µM but showed little effect on the normal cell. The two new isoprenoid flavonoids could be promising antioxidant and anti-tumor nature agents.

Isolation, Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Pectic Polysaccharides of Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.).

The aim of this study was to isolate pectins with antioxidant activity from the leaves of Epilobium angustifolium L. Two pectins, EA-4.0 and EA-0.8, with galacturonic acid contents of 88 and 91% were isolated from the leaves of E. angustifolium L. by the treatment of plant raw materials with aqueous hydrochloric acid at pH 4.0 and 0.8, respectively. EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to scavenge the DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner at 17-133 µg/mL, whereas commercial apple pectin scavenged at 0.5-2 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of EA-4.0 was the highest and exceeded the activity of EA-0.8 and a commercial apple pectin by 2 and 39 times (IC50-0.050, 0.109 and 1.961 mg/mL), respectively. Pectins EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to possess superoxide radical scavenging activity, with IC50s equal to 0.27 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis of the composition and activity of 32 polysaccharide fractions obtained by enzyme hydrolysis and anionic exchange chromatography revealed that the antioxidant capacity of fireweed pectins is mainly due to phenolics and is partially associated with xylogalacturonan chains. The data obtained demonstrate that pectic polysaccharides appeared to be bioactive components of fireweed leaves with high antioxidant activity, which depend on pH at their extraction.

Synthesis of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol Glycofuranosides and Their Biochemical and Biological Activities in Cell-Free and Cellular Assays.

Tyrosol (T) and hydroxytyrosol (HOT) and their glycosides are promising candidates for applications in functional food products or in complementary therapy. A series of phenylethanoid glycofuranosides (PEGFs) were synthesized to compare some of their biochemical and biological activities with T and HOT. The optimization of glycosylation promoted by environmentally benign basic zinc carbonate was performed to prepare HOT α-L-arabino-, ß-D-apio-, and ß-D-ribofuranosides. T and HOT ß-D-fructofuranosides, prepared by enzymatic transfructosylation of T and HOT, were also included in the comparative study. The antioxidant capacity and DNA-protective potential of T, HOT, and PEGFs on plasmid DNA were determined using cell-free assays. The DNA-damaging potential of the studied compounds for human hepatoma HepG2 cells and their DNA-protective potential on HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide were evaluated using the comet assay. Experiments revealed a spectrum of different activities of the studied compounds. HOT and HOT ß-D-fructofuranoside appear to be the best-performing scavengers and protectants of plasmid DNA and HepG2 cells. T and T ß-D-fructofuranoside display almost zero or low scavenging/antioxidant activity and protective effects on plasmid DNA or HepG2 cells. The results imply that especially HOT ß-D-fructofuranoside and ß-D-apiofuranoside could be considered as prospective molecules for the subsequent design of supplements with potential in food and health protection.

Spectral Characteristic, Storage Stability and Antioxidant Properties of Anthocyanin Extracts from Flowers of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.).

Anthocyanins from flowers of the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) are promising edible blue food colorants. Food processing often faces extreme pHs and temperatures, which greatly affects the color and nutritional values of anthocyanins. This study explored the color, spectra, storage stability, and antioxidant properties of C. ternatea anthocyanin extract (CTAE) at different pHs. The color and absorption spectra of CTAEs at a pH of 0.5-13 were shown, with their underlying structures analyzed. Then, the storage stability of CTAEs were explored under a combination of pHs and temperatures. The stability of CTAE declines with the increase in temperature, and it can be stored stably for months at 4 °C. CTAEs also bear much resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions but exhibit higher thermal stability at pH 7 (blue) than at pH 0.5 (magenta) or pH 10 (blue-green), which is a great advantage in food making. Antioxidant abilities for flower extracts from the butterfly pea were high at pH 4-7, as assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assays, and decreased sharply when the pH value exceeded 7. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the application of butterfly pea flowers and imply their great prospect in the food industry.

Physicochemical, antioxidant and enzymes activities of grape fruit peel and pomace enriched functional drinks.

Experiment was conducted to determine the proximate, minerals, antioxidant capacities and enzymes activities of grape fruit peel and grape fruit pomace along with sensorial evaluation of functional drinks. In this milieu, values of grapefruit peel and pomace powder for moisture, fat, crude protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber, ash, and NFE were recorded as 10.85±1.34,8.9±0.08 , 9.27±0.03, 7.69±0.02, 60.22±2.32, 50.33±2.1, 6.13±0.02, 6.13±0.01, 2.97±0.01 ,2.16±0.01 ,10.56±1.97, 24.97±2.4, respectively whilst in time intervals highest TPC for peel (118.66±8.9) mg/g was observed in 60 min followed by (102.33±7.6) mg/g at 90 min and (82.02±5.5) mg/g at 30 min respectively Whereas, the recorded TPC for pomace at 30, 60 and 90 minute were (112.73±9.1) mg/g has observed in 60 min followed by (97.21±7.9) mg/g at 90 min and (84.55±5.8) mg/g at 30 min respectively. Among the time intervals highest flavonoids contents of peel were at 60 min 52.3±1.9% followed by 52.51±1.7% at 90 min and minimum 50.72±1.4% at 30 min. The highest ABTS value was observed for peel content 248.33±5.6 λg/ml in ethanol extract followed by methanolic extract 212.11±4.4 λg/ml least in water extract 152.5±3.2 λg/ml. The means reviewed FRAP activity highest value for ethanol in peel and pomace were (92.66±5.3 µg/ml Fe2+/g) & (82.47±4.2 µg/ml Fe2+/g) followed by methanol (86.33±4.1 µg/ml Fe2+/g) & (76.83±3.4 µg/ml Fe2+/g) and least in water (66.46±2.2 µg ml Fe2+/g) &(54.24±2.1 µg/ml Fe2+/g) respectively. The color acceptability varied significant effect between 7.49 to 7.55 in T0 to T3. Likewise, storage imparted more significant decline from 7.72 to 7.30 at 0th to 60th days, respectively. The flavor scores were 7.59, 7.41, 7.26 and 7.53 in T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The overall acceptability of drink was significantly increase from initiation (0th) day to termination (60th) day as 7.68 to 6.9.

The catalytic and ROS-scavenging activities of green synthesized, antiferromagneticα-Fe2O3nanoparticle with a prismatic octahedron morphology from pomegranate rind extract.

Phenolic compounds (like 4-nitrophenol) and dyes (like methyl orange) are common by-products discharged by many industries as wastes; they are toxic and may induce discomfort and irritation in humans when ingested. Most of these compounds can be made less toxic through catalytic degradation. Metal oxide nanoparticles are found to have high catalytic activity and can degrade toxic phenolic compounds and dyes. In the current study, pomegranate rind extract was used for the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles that exhibited an octahedron morphology revealed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis showed 47.96% content of Fe (by weight); high resolution-transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles had a particle size of 22.54 ± 4.13 nm. The particles were further characterized by x-ray diffraction, fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and thermogravimetric analysis. The nanoparticle proved to be efficient in reducing 4-nitrophenol and methyl orange. It was also found to be non-toxic towards murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 with good ROS-scavenging potential compared to control.